Heliogenic Climate Change

Even though corals evolved and thrived in much warmer waters than today, and even though corals thrive today in “too warm” waters (Diversity of corals in “too warm” Indian Ocean surprises alarmists), modelers persist in creating doom and gloom in their virtual world:

“Cornell University researchers have found a new tool to help marine biologists better grasp the processes under the sea: They have created mathematical models to unveil the bacterial community dynamics behind afflictions that bleach and kill coral.  …

Now new mathematical models explain for the first time how beneficial bacteria on coral suddenly give way to pathogens when waters warm.  …

The model reveals how a healthy normal microbial community in the coral surface mucus layer protects corals from disease by preventing invasion and overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria. But when corals are stressed, for example by elevated temperatures (a heat spell), the community of microbes suddenly switches. Species associated with a healthy coral organism – “resident species” – decline as pathogens associated with coral disease take their place.”  “New mathematical model helps biologists understand how coral dies in warming waters“

“The GBR [Great Barrier Reef] is not actually threatened by anything. For over 40 years it has survived unscathed from a constant litany of purported threats, all dire, all demanding urgent attention, and of course funding. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent on research with little achieved other than the establishment of a parasitic industry predicated on imaginary threats. This reef salvation industry now supports hundreds of researchers, bureaucrats and activists …

Generations of researchers have been schooled in a culture wherein threats to the reef are an unquestionable belief and all evidence is interpreted from such perspective. When evidence of good news cannot credibly be explained away, it is simply shelved, as were the extensive coral trout surveys by Ayling and the large ENCORE (Anon., 1994) experiment on enhanced nutrients. For a researcher to question the prevailing orthodoxy and insist on presenting evidence contrary to consensus belief would be professional suicide. The gravy boat steams on.

It is disheartening to see capable researchers, whose other extensive work clearly conflicts with claims made in this [Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority] report, lending their names to it and, worse yet, such conflicting evidence being glossed over or ignored.

It should be noted that the lead author is employed by GBRMPA, all of the 20 additional authors are either employed by them or are recipients of substantial funding from them and this study was funded by them. The authorship and rather unrestrained positive spin on the benefits and cost effectiveness achieved by GBRMPA management presents the appearance of a promotion piece for and by GBRMPA which the most productive and respected beneficiaries of their research funding have been invited to endorse. In such case, it would have been very difficult for any to decline or to offer much objection to the claims made. At the same time, their names and status would provide credibility and deterrence of criticism while greatly increasing the prospect of acceptance for publication in a prestigious journal. It is incongruous to note that all these employees and repeated recipients of generous GBRMPA funding, could, “…declare no conflict of interest.” (see footnote, p.1 of the report) when they are in fact assessing the value of their own work and that of the organisation which supports them. To compound the impropriety even further, PNAS also requires that, “Authors must acknowledge all funding sources supporting the work.” There appears to be no such disclosure in this study either.  …

It almost seems that somewhere there must be a handbook for agenda science as the reef salvation industry has managed to cover all of the same points of scientific malpractice as revealed by Climategate:

Hide or ignore conflicting evidence.
Dramatic claims and language.
Massage data.
Misrepresent data.
Offer conclusions only. Employ opaque data and methods.
Use peer review to publish in prestigious journals and block publication of conflicting studies.
Denigrate dissent without addressing its substance.
Assert authority and expertise,
Claim Noble Cause to excuse excesses.
Maximise credibility and defence with as many authors from as many institutions as possible.

Reef Salvation score – Ten out of ten.”  “Reef report lacks credibility“

Even though corals and shellfish evolved and thrived when atmospheric CO2 content was an order of magnitude higher than today, and even though there is ample evidence that rising CO2 won’t adversely affect corals and shellfish (prior posts here), EPA continues its anti-scientific jihad against American industry, this time using the Clean Water Act:

“U.S. EPA settled a lawsuit yesterday [March 11] by agreeing to use the Clean Water Act to address ocean acidification, a move that some see as opening a side door to federal curbs on greenhouse gases that scientists link to problems in the marine environment.

The settlement with the nonprofit Center for Biological Diversity directly addresses EPA’s failure to require Washington state to list its marine waters as impaired by rising acidity. The deal requires EPA to begin a rulemaking aimed at helping states identify and address acidic coastal waters.

The effort could lead to the first Clean Water Act effort to protect acidifying marine waters — a move the center sees leading to restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions …

In the settlement filed yesterday in the U.S. District Court in Seattle, EPA agreed to take public comment on ocean acidity, ways states can determine if coastal waters are affected, and how states might regulate “total maximum daily loads” of [CO2].

“Protection of the nation’s water quality, including the health of our ocean waters is among EPA’s highest priorities,” an EPA spokeswoman said in a statement. “EPA is interested in learning more about how to protect our ocean and coastal waters from acidification.”

EPA must start the process by posting a notice in the Federal Register next week. The settlement requires the agency to decide how to proceed by Nov. 15.  …

The center’s lawsuit over ocean acidification is one of several legal actions all aimed at forcing the federal government to address climate change.  …

The group has also filed dozens of lawsuits seeking endangered or threatened status for plants and animals at risk from climate change.”  “Some See Clean Water Act Settlement Opening New Path to GHG Curbs“

“Penn State researchers and their international collaborators have discovered a diversity of corals harboring unusual species of symbiotic algae in the warm waters of the Andaman Sea in the northeastern Indian Ocean. “The existence of so many novel coral symbioses thriving in a place that is too warm for most corals gives us hope that coral reefs and the ecosystems they support may persist — at least in some places — in the face of global warming,” said the team’s leader, Penn State Assistant Professor of Biology Todd LaJeunesse.  …

“The authors write that “coccolithophores are unicellular pelagic algae that represent a large part of the world ocean’s nannophytoplankton and play a significant role in the carbon cycle as major producers of biogenic calcium carbonate,” stating that “the inorganic fossil remains of coccolithophores consist of <20µm calcareous plates called coccoliths,” the small size and large abundance of which “make it possible to sample marine sediment cores at mm to sub-mm intervals with ultra-high resolution.”  …

The three researchers report that “morphometric parameters measured on E. Huxleyi, G. muellerae and G. oceanica indicate increasing coccolithophore shell carbonate mass from ~1917 until 2004 concomitant with rising pCO2 and sea surface temperature in the region of the SBB.” More specifically, they say that “a >33% increase in mean coccolith weight was determined for the order Isochrysidales over 87 years from ~1917 until 2004.”

Grelaud et al. write that “the last century has witnessed an increasing net influx of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the world’s oceans, a rising of pCO2 of surface waters, and under-saturation with respect to aragonite, especially along the North American Pacific margin,” which was the site of their study. These conditions, as they describe it, have been predicted by climate alarmists “to result in reduced coccolithophore carbonate mass and a concomitant decrease in size and weight of coccoliths [italics added].” As indicated by Grelaud et al.’s study, however, just the opposite appears to be the case in the real world, even in places where the predicted calcification reductions are expected to be greatest, as has also been demonstrated to be the case by the work of Iglesias-Rodriguez et al. (2008), who observed — in the words of Grelaud et al. — “a 40% increase in average coccolith weight across the last 220 years, as recorded in a box core from the subpoloar North Atlantic,” and as has been further confirmed by the complimentary work of Halloran et al. (2008).”  “Calcifying Coccolithophores off the California Coast“

“Ocean acidification could cause fish to become “fatally attracted” to their predators, according to scientists.

A team studying the effects of acidification – caused by dissolved CO2 – on ocean reefs found that it leaves fish unable to “smell danger”.

Young clownfish that were reared in the acidified water became attracted to rather than repelled by the chemical signals released by predatory fish.” “Acid oceans leave fish at more risk from predators“

“Melting of the Arctic sea ice due to global warming is diluting surface waters and this is endangering some species of shellfish which need minerals in the water to form their shells and skeletons, scientists have found.

In a paper published in Science, they warned that this has serious implications for ecosystems in the Arctic.

“Organisms that are likely to be affected are from the family of pteropods, also mussels and clams on the sea floor,” said Fiona McLaughlin, research scientist at Canada’s Institute of Ocean Sciences’s department of fisheries and oceans. …

“It puts the food chain at risk. These organisms are a food source for fish that are a food source for seals and bears. The food chain in the Arctic is quite a short one, so it’s quite vulnerable,” she told Reuters by telephone.” “Melting Sea Ice Dilutes Water, Endangers Sea Life“

“Global warming is happening faster than expected and at worst could raise sea levels by up to 2 meters (6-1/2 ft) by 2100, a group of scientists said on Tuesday in a warning to next month’s U.N. climate summit in Copenhagen.

In what they called a “Copenhagen Diagnosis,” updating findings in a broader 2007 U.N. climate report, 26 experts urged action to cap rising world greenhouse gas emissions by 2015 or 2020 to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

“Climate change is accelerating beyond expectations,” a joint statement said …” “Climate Change Quickens, Seas Feared Up 2 meters“

“Since the 1997 international accord to fight global warming, climate change has worsened and accelerated — beyond some of the grimmest of warnings made back then.

As the world has talked for a dozen years about what to do next, new ship passages opened through the once frozen summer sea ice of the Arctic. In Greenland and Antarctica, ice sheets have lost trillions of tons of ice. Mountain glaciers in Europe, South America, Asia and Africa are shrinking faster than before. …

Even the gloomiest climate models back in the 1990s didn’t forecast results quite this bad so fast.

“The latest science is telling us we are in more trouble than we thought,” Janos Pasztor, climate adviser to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.” “Warming’s Impacts Sped up, Worsened Since Kyoto“

“The effects of climate change have driven women in communities in coastal areas in poor countries like the Philippines into dangerous work, and sometimes even the flesh trade, a United Nations official said.

Suneeta Mukherjee, country representative of the United Nations Food Population Fund (UNFPA), said women in the Philippines are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change in the country.

“Climate change could reduce income from farming and fishing, possibly driving some women into sex work and thereby increase HIV infection,” Mukherjee said during the Wednesday launch of the UNFPA annual State of World Population Report in Pasay City.” “‘Climate change pushes poor women to prostitution, dangerous work’“
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The Great Oracle reveals the future:

“The Great Barrier Reef will be so degraded by warming waters that it will be unrecognisable within 20 years, an eminent marine scientist has said.

Charlie Veron, former chief scientist of the Australian Institute of Marine Science, told The Times: “There is no way out, no loopholes. The Great Barrier Reef will be over within 20 years or so.”

Once carbon dioxide had hit the levels predicted for between 2030 and 2060, all coral reefs were doomed to extinction, he said. “They would be the world’s first global ecosystem to collapse. I have the backing of every coral reef scientist, every research organisation. I’ve spoken to them all. This is critical. This is reality.”” “Great Barrier Reef will be gone in 20 years, says Charlie Veron” h/t Greenie Watch

Lisa Jackson says this with a straight face:

“The average American family would pay at most $1 a day more to fight climate change, the head of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency told a Senate committee on Tuesday.

EPA head Lisa Jackson said carbon cutting legislation would, on average, amount to a 50 cent per day cost per household in 2020 and edge up for wealthier families, people who drive long distances and those living in states dependent on coal for electricity.

But even a doubling of the national average would only cost families $1 per day, Jackson said.

“Can anyone honestly say that the head of an American household would not spend a dollar a day to safeguard the well-being of his or her children?” Jackson asked the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.” “A Daily Dollar Could Prevent Climate Change: EPA“

Nude enviros protest power generation:

“ROME – Environmentalists broke into power stations across Italy and shed their clothes in downtown Rome on Wednesday as world leaders discussed a new deal to combat global warming.” “G-8 protesters scale smokestacks in Italy“

The gods gather in L’Aquila:

“L’AQUILA, Italy (Reuters) – The Group of Eight major economies has agreed to limit the rise in global temperatures to no more than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit), Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt said on Wednesday.” “G8 agrees to limit temperature rise: Swedish PM“

“Under proposals from the Cquestrate project, they aim to reduce ocean acidity while increasingly absorbing CO2 by converting limestone into lime, thereby adding the lime to seawater.

The lime would react with CO2 dissolved in the water, converting it into bicarbonate ions, thus decreasing the acidity of the water, allowing the oceans to absorb more CO2 from the air and reduce global warming.” “Lime in oceans ‘would reduce CO2 levels’“

EU’s Barroso thinks he can control the planet’s temperature like a thermostat:

“European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said on Monday he will press the United States and other nations to limit global warming to no more than 2 degrees Celsius at this week’s Group of Eight summit.

The United States, Japan, Russia and Canada have yet to be convinced that a 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) limit — favored by European G8 nations Germany, Britain, France and Italy — is the necessary threshold beyond which climate change will reach danger levels.” “EU’s Barroso Seeks Two Degrees Celsius Pact at G8“

Oxfam says that due to AGW “seasons are shrinking in number and variety” in Africa and only wealth transfer will help:

“In a new report, global aid agency Oxfam says impoverished communities like Nassapir are already being hit hard by the effects of global warming, including increased drought.

Without international funding to help them cope and tough targets for cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, the food, water, health and livelihoods of hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest people will be put at even greater risk.

Oxfam says interviews it carried out with farmers in 15 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America show that seasons are shrinking in number and variety.

This is destroying harvests, pushing farmers to abandon traditional crops and causing widespread hunger — which, the agency predicts, will likely be “climate change’s most savage impact on humanity in the near future.”" “Millions Hungry as Warming Shifts Seasons: Oxfam“

“Scientists” say that AGW “could kill off the world’s ocean reefs by the end of this century”:

“Increasingly acidic oceans and warming water temperatures due to carbon dioxide emissions could kill off the world’s ocean reefs by the end of this century, scientists warned on Monday.

The experts told a meeting in London the predicted pace of emissions means a level of 450 parts per million of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere will be reached by 2050, putting corals on a path to extinction in the following decades.” “Reefs Could Perish by End of Century, Experts Warn“

This paper appeared in the 2 January issue of Science. Excerpt from the abstract:

“Reef-building corals are under increasing physiological stress from a changing climate and ocean absorption of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. We investigated 328 colonies of massive Porites corals from 69 reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Australia. Their skeletal records show that throughout the GBR, calcification has declined by 14.2% since 1990, predominantly because extension (linear growth) has declined by 13.3%. The data suggest that such a severe and sudden decline in calcification is unprecedented in at least the past 400 years.”

Steve McIntyre looked at the data recently and obtained a completely different result. He first noted that the data show an increasing trend in calcification for the last 400+ years (upper graph) and then noted that the claimed recent “severe and sudden decline” coincides with a “severe and sudden decline” in the number of sampling sites, which have “declined sharply in the past 15 years with only one site contributing nearly all the 2005 values” (lower graph, number of sampling sites in pink). He concludes, “The data seems rather thin as a basis for concluding “unprecedentedness” and surely it would be prudent for worried Australians to take few more coral samples.”

He also wrote a hilarious paragraph about “the authors … fail[ure] to address the important issue of teleconnections between their coral calcification data and NH climate.” Must read: ““Unprecedented” in the past 153 Years“
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Remember this item from November:

“”Environmental groups have sought to force the federal government to restrict carbon dioxide emissions using the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act (because of threats to polar bears from global warming) and other federal laws, and now they are poised to add the Clean Water Act to the list. The Center for Biological Diversity says it is prepared to sue the Environmental Protection Agency for failing to use the water law to respond to the threat of ocean acidification.” “Water Laws May Be Used to Fight Warming“”

Well, it looks like they have succeeded:

“The Obama administration took another step toward regulating carbon dioxide, issuing a notice Tuesday that the Environmental Protection Agency will review whether those emissions should fall under the Clean Water Act.

The EPA earlier this year determined that C02 should be regulated under the Clean Air Act due to its impact on temperatures. But Tuesday’s notice — soliciting scientific data as to what extent seas are made more acidic by C02 — could extend regulation out to U.S. waters.

The notice was in response to a petition filed by the Center for Biological Diversity, which wants the EPA to impose stricter pH criteria for ocean water quality and publish guidance to help states protect their waters from ocean acidification, which reduces pH levels.

“As more CO2 dissolves in the ocean, it reduces ocean pH, which changes the chemistry of the water,” the EPA said in its notice. “These changes present potential risks across a broad spectrum of marine ecosystems.”

“Preliminary projections indicate that oceans will become more acidic over time and overall, the net effect is likely to disrupt the normal functioning of many marine and coastal ecosystems,” it added. …

The EPA said it hoped to make a decision within one year.” “EPA agrees to study acidic seas; move adds to regulation momentum” h/t Climate Depot

This is so crazy and the EPA is on a quest to regulate everything. What is nuts about this is that the very critters (coral, shellfish) EPA is concerned about evolved and thrived when both CO2 concentration and global temperature was much, much higher (graph from here). Insane.
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“Acidifying oceans caused by rising carbon dioxide levels are cutting the shell weights of tiny marine animals in a process that could accelerate global warming, a scientist said on Monday. …

But scientists say the world’s oceans are becoming more acidic as they absorb more planet-warming CO2, disrupting the process of calcification used by sea creatures to build shells as well as coral reefs. …

Howard and co-author Andrew Moy, also of the University of Tasmania, studied the shells of tiny amoeba-like animals called foraminifera in the Southern Ocean and compared the shell weights to data from sediment core records dating back 50,000 years.

Their findings, which appear in the latest issue of Nature Geoscience, show shell weights of modern-day foraminifera falling between 30 and 35 percent.” “Rising Ocean Acidity Cutting Shell Weights – Study“

So, 50,000 years ago, which was the middle of the last great glaciation (the period between the Eemian and the Holocene interglacials), when the oceans were much colder and contained more CO2 (cold water absorbs more CO2 than warm water) shells were heavier. Sounds reasonable: more CO2 available in the water, more shell building. And now, with less CO2 in the water, less shell building.

The warmmongers are worried about more CO2 in the oceans even though shell critters and coral evolved and thrived when CO2 concentration in the atmosphere was much higher than today, and even though a warming planet, if it were happening (it’s not), would lead to warming oceans and less CO2 in the oceans (offgassing as the waters warm). Makes no sense to me. Am I missing something?

“The oceans’ acidity scare is back, embodied in the Monaco Declaration:
http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?src=nl&id=15958

“…more than 150 leading experts warned that the world’s oceans are becoming more acidic as a result of absorbing ever-increasing amounts of CO2.”

“Surface ocean pH has already dropped by 0.1 units since the beginning of the Industrial revolution, exposing marine organisms to a rate of acidification that scientists believe has not been seen for many millions of years.”

Dear me! Didn’t corals appear in the oceans over 500 millions years ago, when there was 10 times as much CO2 in the atmosphere than there is today, and global temperature was 8 or 9 degrees warmer?

And if the world’s climate were to resume its warming, aren’t the oceans supposed to RELEASE more CO2 than they absorb?” Mark Duchamp in CCNet

Reference to coral zombie here.
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““Researchers in Australia say the growth of coral on the country’s iconic Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has fallen since 1990 to its lowest rate in 400 years,” variations of this message have been repeated around the world from South Korea to London with global warming, and the associated acidification of oceans, claimed to be the cause.

These reports are repeating claims in an Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) media release made just last Friday to coincide with the publication of research findings in the journal Science [1].

The media release also claimed the research to be “the most comprehensive study to date on calcification rates of GBR corals”.

Having followed GBR issues for many years I was surprised to hear global warming associated with slow coral growth rates, indeed AIMS’s researchers Janice Lough and David Barnes have published detailed studies concluding that coral growth rates increase significantly with an increase in annual average sea surface temperature [2]. Furthermore growth rates actually decrease from north to south along the GBR as this corresponds with a cooling temperature gradient of 2-3 degrees C.

If there has been a slowing in growth rates of coral over the last nearly 20 years, as suggested by this new research, a most obvious question for me would be: Have GBR waters cooled?” “Global Warming Unlikely Reason for Slow Coral Growth” Source of graph

“Scientists have reported a rapid recovery in some of the coral reefs that were damaged by the Indian Ocean tsunami four years ago.

It had been feared that some of the reefs off the coast of Indonesia could take a decade to recover.

The New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) found evidence of rapid growth of young corals in badly-hit areas.

A spokesman said reefs damaged before the tsunami were also recovering. …

“This is a great story of ecosystem resilience and recovery,” said Stuart Campbell, co-ordinator of the WCS’s Indonesia Marine Program. …

Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, a reef expert from the University of Queensland in Australia who did not take part in the study, said the findings were not surprising since corals typically recovered …

“We are seeing similar things around the southern Great Barrier Reef where reefs that experience major catastrophe can bounce back quite quickly,” the scientist told the Associated Press.” “Coral springs back from tsunami“

“Oceans are becoming more acidic as they absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide and could become dangerous for marine organisms much sooner than we think. Results from an analysis of the Southern Ocean by climate change scientists in Australia suggest that the ocean acidification “tipping point of no return” could occur at just 450 ppm of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This is significantly lower than the value of 550 ppm given by previous estimates.” “Acidic oceans pose danger to marine animals“

Crustaceans and moluscs evolved and thrived when there was 10 times more CO2 concentration in the atmosphere than today.
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“Group Plans Suit Against Bush Administration for Ignoring Global Warming Threat to Coral Habitat“

Non-threats are best ignored.
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“Most chalks – including the famous White Cliffs – formed during the Cretaceous period, between 100 and 60 million years ago. Chalks from this period can be found around the world, and they consist of the microscopic skeletons of oceanic plankton.

The Coccolithophores are the major group of chalk forming plankton. Their individual spherical skeletons are called cocospheres and they consist of a number of calcareous discs called coccoliths. After death of the plankton, the skeletons settled to the bottom of the sea and most coccospheres and coccoliths collapsed, but they can be clearly seen using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Indeed, back in my days working in a lab. I often used chalk as a demonstration of SEM to visiting parties of non-scientists because coccospheres are pretty.

Cretaceous chalks formed when global temperatures and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were higher than now. Indeed, global temperature was 5 to 6 deg.C higher than now and atmospheric carbon dioxide was 4 times higher than now (see e.g. http://www.jstor.org/pss/57127).

But the calcerous skeletons of oceanic creatures from that time are so abundant that they now comprise many hills and mountains around the world.

So, I wonder why some people fear that slightly higher global temperatures and slightly higher atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration than now would hinder formation of such skeletons.” “Has nobody heard of the White Cliffs of Dover? They are made of chalk.“
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Yet another alarmist article on ocean acidification warns us, “Rising carbon dioxide levels are increasing acidity in the oceans 10 times faster than scientists thought, posing a greater threat to shell-forming creatures such as coral and mussels.” “Acidic seas threaten coral and mussels“

And yet again the Junkman takes it apart:

“So, what’s wrong with this picture? Briefly:

• coastal and shallow water denizens experience wide ranges of alkalinity and salinity because they are subjected to rainfall and land runoff, yet they survive alkalinity much lower (i.e., acidification) than the relatively trivial change due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
• marine critters survive quite happily despite there being ocean outgassing zones (where CO₂ is transferred from ocean to atmosphere, implying saturation) so changes in the size of these zones (which have existed far longer than has industrialization) implies no disaster
• previous periods in Earth’s history have demonstrated much higher temperatures (e.g. the Cretaceous, with globally averaged temperatures 6-14 °C higher than at present), higher carbon dioxide levels (4-6 times present levels) and simultaneously supporting vast numbers of chalk producing critters (think deposition of the White Cliffs of Dover)
• then there’s current coccolithophores (remember we told you how well these little blighters were doing?)
• mollusks, corals and other calcium carbonate shell formers evolved in the Ordovician, when carbon dioxide levels were an order of magnitude greater than those of today

Of course, if someone was likely to pay me buckets of money to tool around on my own private ‘research’ reef I might be tempted to feign concern about these critters too but there is no plausible biological reason to do so.” JunkScience archives 26 November

“The history of CO2 and temperature shows that there is no correlation.

Ask your local warmer:

1. Why was CO2 15 times higher than now in the Ordovician-Silurian glaciation?

2. Why were both methane and CO2 higher than now in the Permian glaciation?

3. Why was CO2 5 times higher than now in the Cretaceous-Jurassic glaciation?

The process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere via the oceans has led to carbonate deposition (i.e. CO2 sequestration).

The atmosphere once had at least 25 times the current CO2 content, we are living at a time when CO2 is the lowest it has been for billions of years, we continue to remove CO2 via carbonate sedimentation from the oceans and the oceans continue to be buffered by water-rock reactions (as shown by Walker et al. 1981).” “Not Enough CO2 in Fossil Fuels to Make Oceans Acidic: A Note from Professor Plimer“